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As far as publishing goes this is perhaps the least understood aspect. At one time what you needed was a photograph which you sent to the printer or publisher who did their magic and voila; the picture appeared in your book. Now in the computer era the picture can be

According to USFDA, a combination product is one composed of any combination of a drug and device; biological product and device; drug and biological product

in a variety of digital formats.

An original photograph is referred to as a continuous tone image. The tones move seamlessly from white through grey to black and through the colour spectrum. A photograph does have a grain structure but it is microscopic and contain

; or drug, device, and biological product and fixed dose combination would include two or more combinations of drug.

Examples of combination products may in

orders of magnitude more information than a digital image. Digital images also have a grain structure called pixels. Each pixel can have many values (in the millions for a colour image) but the entire pixel has the same value. When we take a picture with a digital c

lude drug-coated devices, drugs packaged with delivery devices in medical kits, and drugs and devices packaged separately but intended to be used together.

mera (or scan a photograph) we do it at a particular resolution. This refers to the number of pixels in the image and is usually given as number of pixels width and pixels height. This is referred to as a raster image due to the way it is imaged on screen -- from lef

here is enormous increase in the number of combination products entering the market in the recent years. Combination products have proven advantages but fixe

to right and top to bottom. This is also the order in which the pixels values are given in the image file.

To get the illusion of continuous tone when a photograph is printed we use ink dots. Don't confuse ink dots with pixels, they are not the same. These dots are

d dose combinations are still in the process of convincing regulatory authority on their advantages over the single ingredient formulations.

Combination pro

usually printed in a rectangular grid called a screen, measured in ink dots per inch and the dots themselves vary in size. (Screens are often described as lines, of ink dots, per inch.) So as the tone in an image gets darker the ink dots get larger but the screen, d

ucts have become life saving products for the pharmaceutical companies who doesn’t have many innovative molecules in their product pipeline and have been inc

ts (lines) per inch, remain the same. You would think that the higher the number of dots per inch the better the resulting picture and you would be mostly correct, but this is dependent on the printing press, the type of paper and the chemistry of the ink. It turns o

easingly used in the product life cycle management. Even the companies having product patents are trying to extend their product life cycle through the combi

t that we need about 300 pixels per inch to give a good quality image at 130 line screen (130 ink dots per inch).

We talked earlier about laser printers not being able to deliver as good an image as offset. Printing houses today also use laser technology but they ca

nation products and maximize the revenues. But the companies involved in this practice are overlooking that they are burdening the patients both economically

l them image setters not laser printers and they produce much higher resolution images. To produce the 130 line screen, the image setter needs to be capable of over 2000 pixels per inch where your laser printer is only capable of 600. A very thorough explanation of t

and physically. They need to rightly judge the benefits of the combination products and they have to even look at the risks involved when combining the produ

his can be found in the book Real World Scanning and Halftones.

So the digital image you sent was perhaps 3,456 pixels x 2,304 pixels. This is the top resolution you might get from an 8 megapixel camera. This image could print a cover about 12 inches across.

ts. Some of the combination products were well accepted by physicians while others suffered. Companies involved in development of combination products are fi

The salesman may have told you that you could print a poster with these images but he is talking about printing on an ink jet printer not a printing press -- different technologies with different requirements. The 12 inches sounds good as far as printing your cover b

ding difficulty in defining their combination products and facing various challenges from selecting a combination to marketing it.

Following aspects would a

t you only want a small crop of the image. It turns out that the crop you want is only 1,000 pixels wide and 1,600 pixels high. The minimum you need for your cover is 1,800 pixels wide by 2700 high (6 inches multiplied by 300 pixels per inch, and 9 inches multiplied

dd to the challenges in developing combination products:

Which markets to tap where the combination products can do fairly well?
Which combination prod

y 300 pixels per inch). So the designer tells you the image is too small or more correctly, isn't high enough resolution.

If you provide original photographs or negatives the designer or printer will scan them at the required resolution (providing of course that the

cts are meaningful and rational?
Which therapeutic categories to select?
Which Combinations can address unmet needs of the patients?
Do combin

pictures are of reasonable size, don't have to be cropped too much and are in focus). If you provide digital images they must be of a high enough resolution.

Just a quick word about original photographs: They do need to be reasonably good quality. I have tried to s

tions increase the patient compliance?
What would be the developing cost?
How to tackle the risks encountered during combination product developmen

an 8" x 10" portraits that were so poorly done that it was almost impossible to get a good image. I have also scanned an 1880 era carte-de-visite photo that is only about 2.5" x 3.5" that has fabulous detail.

At the risk of confusing you, lets discus a different tec

t?

As combination products don't fit into the traditional categories of drugs, medical devices, or biological products, the USFDA is in the process of devel

nology: stochastic screening. Stochastic is simply a fancy word meaning random. (If you are a mathematician you are now jumping up and down, incensed that I would use such a simplistic definition. It's a little like a fashion designer telling you that aubergine isn’t

ping new procedures for reviewing their safety, efficacy and quality.

Professional from academic institutions, pharmaceutical industries, health care indust

purple. If this doesn't mean anything to you believe me when I say that it doesn't matter, so please don't loose any sleep over it. ;-) Conventional printing uses lines of varying sizes of ink dots, stochastic printing uses random patterns of small ink dots that don'

y and representatives from various regulatory agencies are working out to design the regulatory requirements for manufacture and sale of combination products

t change in size but vary in number or density. This is roughly the technology your ink jet printer uses. The benefit is that you might be able to get away with a smaller (lower resolution) image using stochastic printing. Don't take this as a licence to crop your di

.

As there is an increasing trend of the combination products companies manufacturing such products should be able to tackle the problems involved in the de

ital images to death, there is still a great benefit to using high resolution images and stochastic printing will benefit more from very high resolution than conventional printing will.

Although this technology isn't really new its adoption has been slow in the prin

elopment. They need to be wiser in analyzing the market trends and the regulatory requirements.

Companies that provide selfless information through particip

industry. If your printer happens to use this type of screening it can be a plus and your designer will make any necessary adjustments to take advantage of it.

I hope this has made the concept of resolution a little clearer as far as the print industry is concerned

tion in industry events and feedback to regulatory authorities would be able to face the challenges and will be successful in developing combination products

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The usage of IT by the Indian apparel industry has been woefully inadequate. North American and European apparel companies spend about 3 to 5% of their revenues on IT. The Indian apparel industry in contrast, has typically invested less than 1%.

Clients often look to us at elf design to provide them with ideas about what belongs on a simple home page. In response, we often direct them to several home pages that we have designed in the past, as well as some other samples, to help guide them and to begin our conversation about what to include on their home page.

The property tax in New Jersey is in fact a local tax. This means that the tax is assessed and collected at the local municipal level for the support of: Schools, municipal and county governments, etc. As a matter of fact the State pays out 48? of every State revenue dollar collected to counties, municipalities and schools in some form of State Aid. In 1961, some 44 years ago, the State paid out only 43? of every State revenue dollar collected. THE LOCAL PROPERTY TAX in New Jersey is a RESIDUAL TAX. A Residual Tax is one which is levied to raise the amount of money required over and above the total revenues available from other sources.

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